Social Contract Essay Example for Free

Implicit understanding Essay Talk about the view that profound quality is an implicit agreement (30 imprints) Jean-Jacques Rousseau said Man was brought into the world free, and he is wherever in chains and what he is attempting to show is that an implicit understanding is authoritative on the individuals from a general public, wherever he will undoubtedly be good. The sources and explanations behind the maintaining profound quality (that is what is correct and what's going on) has been addressed since the times of Plato and one answer was offered by Thomas Hobbes a contractarian response. A contractarian accepts that people are self-intrigued and it would be sane for him to co-work with others. Hobbes built up this view by making us mindful of the (envisioned) condition of nature in Leviathan (1651) in which individuals were available before any type of social union and association. Hobbes declares that right now, everybody would pay special mind to their personal responsibility however this would included a lot of antagonistic vibe and a powerlessness to get things done out of dread (a people personal responsibility could be to take from you and along these lines cause you dread). Life would be a torment; war of all against everything is the means by which Hobbes puts it. The answer for this is coordinating between individuals. The ramifications of this is there is no ethical quality autonomous of what individuals in some random society think. There are anyway issues with this to be specific verifiably there has never been any agreement. On the off chance that we looking verifiably, we have settled on understandings (be it the Fourth Geneva Convention or the Magna Carta) however there has never been an aggregate social good agreement. People have all the earmarks of being naturally social. In reality, it isn't even just people ants seem to work in provinces. Further, an agreement would just be comprehended by a social being. Because of there being no agreement (verifiably), it would appear to make the thought repetitive for in the event that I havent marked anything, for what reason would it be a good idea for me to be committed? Despite the fact that we can protest and state that Hobbes isnt saying that individuals lounged around and marked an arranged archive rather he is recommending that if we somehow happened to envision the condition of nature to be the situation, it would advocated for us to acknowledge such an agreement thus giving an avocation for us to be good (just as the presence of social orders). Notwithstanding, there appears to stay one issue. By saying that social orders create ethical quality and that there is no profound quality autonomous of this, it leaves us with the issue of social relativism. For it would be directly in a general public to execute all the adversaries if that is the thing that society decides, on account of the Nazis it would be the Jews, yet only occasionally do we discover somebody who might really call this good and not request move be made. We could anyway say that the agreement applies all around and that we have not arrived at the marking. However this isn't what the agreement is stating, for regardless of whether we were to acknowledge that rules applied all around is the contractarian approach truly educating us concerning profound quality? No! Regardless of whether something benefits me that may not the motivation behind why I do it and certainly not the explanation it is good. An absolutist would state that rules are good in themselves, paying little mind to the time or society in which they concurred. Locke builds up the possibility that there need be no real understanding by saying that it is a strategy understanding. This implies an individual who looks to receive the rewards of society verifiably consents to implicit agreement and on the off chance that I dont, at that point I am allowed to leave. Anyway am I truly allowed to leave? It would not appear to be so. To leave, I would no doubt need to leave this would not just mean having an identification to go to an alternate nation, which would have its own arrangement of decides however implying that to get to the air terminal I would need to comply with the street rules in case I wish to be captured. Regardless of whether Hobbes is right in saying that there is no real agreement, we are left with for what reason would it be advisable for us to respect the understanding? Without a doubt, in the event that we are self-intrigued as Hobbes says, at that point most likely when the opportunity arrived, we would act in a personal circumstance way? This view can be outlined by Ian McEwans Enduring Love; there is a tourist balloon and in the container lays a kid there is an unexpected blast and the inflatable beginnings it flight. Five men take hold of the rope of the inflatable, tsk-tsk there is another blast and on the off chance that each of the five men continue hanging tight, at that point the youngster will be spared. This didn't occur. Everything except one, were left sticking on to the rope. Whats considerably more so evident is that on the off chance that I am certain that I will pull off accomplishing something indecent, why shouldnt I do it? In the event that I knew I wasnt goi ng to be discovered taking cash, at that point it would be to my greatest advantage to take it. Hobbes answer to the previously mentioned question is a Sovereign. This implies there is somebody to implement the law (the conditions of the agreement). By doing this, it would show that when acting against the agreement and offering supremacy to personal responsibility, it would not be in our drawn out personal circumstance to do as such. Anyway this still doesnt answer the inquiry with regards to why somebody who realizes they won't get captured ought to be good. Without a doubt, there are numerous individuals who are crooks and it is just discovered after they have kicked the bucket. Additionally, there is by all accounts an alternate contention set forward by David Gauthier who contends that to there is no requirement for a sovereign in light of the fact that those of us who have airs to unselfishness, will in the long haul have a larger number of advantages than the individuals who are shot-sightedly self-intrigued. This view is solid as in it shows that people are really selfless with a motivation behind doing as such and along these lines not having an over cynical perspective on people (in this manner the lesser requirement for a sovereign). There are further issues with the implicit agreement approach. At the point when a psychological militant has a prisoner, he can utilize the prisoner to direct the provisions of an understanding. This implies regardless of this being unreasonable, or even shameless, he can request anyway million pounds and for him to be acquitted of his demonstration. This is clearly corrupt and wrong. This circumstance is undifferentiated from the condition of nature period and somebody solid directing the terms which are not good, for example, making all youngsters laborers. Moreover, we could take the perspective on Marx and Thrasymacus (from Platos Republic) who state that the implicit understanding is a methods for social control by the minority. This implies the ground-breaking and rich people groups premiums can be completed under the cloak of ethical quality. A model is the regard for property which, by no incident, is the thing that the decision class have. This implies the feeble can be abused and the rulers can keep up their position. We can reprimand Marx for not considering that individuals don't take since they would prefer not to annoy the decision class however this isn't what Marx is attempting to state. In fact, he is stating this is the right motivation behind why individuals don't do such things and through instruments, for example, religion and instruction (since the beginning) they have been shown these principles and guidelines. Anyway John Rawls contends in his Theory of Justice that to counter this, we should choose the terms under a cloak of obliviousness where no one is sure for their position thus everybody will be battling for minority rights on the off chance that they are inside that minority; nothing is guaranteed! In the event that we set Hobbes see as truth, at that point we likewise wind up holding a negative perspective on life for we have sufficient chance to defy the norms of the agreement yet we don't. If we somehow happened to hold Hobbes see social orders would long be over in light of the fact that we could no longer confide in individuals since they would take such narrow minded activities. To state that individuals dont mug each other in dread of being gotten isn't conceivable. Definitely the activities of a mother or a carer in the ghettos appear to show that we don't act only for personal responsibility. Further, is Hobbes truly giving an exact record of ethical quality? We can without a doubt have an agreement yet is the main explanation we don't break it since we dread the courts? Clearly this isnt ethical quality yet an inclination of judiciousness in an activity yet this view doesn't associate with what we express. If somebody somehow managed to state Stealing isn't right, they don't imply that it is better in the event that you dont in light of the fact that it is increasingly reasonable, they mean it is an ethically irreprehensible activity. Hobbes see is additionally put enduring an onslaught by elective perspectives, Richard Dawkins contends that selfless conduct can prompt developmental achievement and is along these lines inserted in our qualities. There was never a traditional understanding rather on the grounds that it is commonly advantage conduct helps our developmental achievement, people do it. So it isn't on the grounds that it is commonly profitable that we decide to do it however we do it since it is favorable and has helped us arrive at this stage. This, obviously, isn't the main elective view others see good as what the Bible says or even the Quran. We could even adopt the utilitarian strategy and state that what is good is what gets the best number of people groups bliss. To take this view is, as stated, to overlook each example of philanthropy. Anyway shouldn't something be said about explicit demonstrations of unselfishness? The vain person could state that subliminally we increase self-delight from doing right things. In any case, once more, it doesn't follow that I am doing these things since I need self-satisfaction. On account of Mother Teresa, it isn't conceivable that she just did those things since she needed vanity. As the prideful person asserts that everything is here and there egotistical, it nullify the possibility of childish and magnanimous as it twists the differentiation and leaves only thought processes which is definitely not a direct exact portrayal of the world. Therefore to finish up, to hold the view that profound quality is characterized, portrayed and endorsed by an implicit understanding at last falls flat. Elective thoughts, at times, have logical support yet in addition have an increasingly precise portrayal of this present reality. The view is both cynical and would prompt the ground-breaking being on top and the powerless being abused. Along these lines we should close as Hume did and say that there isn't verifiably legitimacy (in addition to other things) to this case.

12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose

The film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† by Reginald Rose is a show that shows twelve attendants' inside and out thinking to choose a consistent choice on the respondent's sentence. There are numerous advantages and liabilities of the gathering that assume a job in their dynamic. The legal hearers are totally characterized regarding their characters, foundations, biases and passionate tilts. This paper will contend that when pride, envy, dissatisfaction and partiality all rise we see nonsensical and sound dynamic methods.The resources of gathering is indicated when juror#8 begins an alternate way to deal with proof by demonstrating the blade that was believed to be uncommon. It begins the procedure of support in critical thinking by other jury individuals who may have decided or were simply feeling congruity pressure. More noteworthy entirety of person's all out data starts to assists jury with settling on a superior choice. Liabilities of a gathering are show when each one with the e xception of juror# 8 lift their hand feeling congruity pressure. There is want of individual appeared by juror# 3 to command and win the contention as opposed to finding a best solution.Lack of intrigue is appeared by juror# 7 to reason or invest energy to take care of issue. There are partiality emotions appeared by juror# 10 and 7, they think juror# 5 and 11 don't know much on account of their experiences. Each gathering decides resources and liabilities of their gathering's critical thinking. As long difference isn't close to home and is in enthusiasm of best arrangement it's sound. Time required to take care of an issue is questionable, individuals may get anxious and tackle issue without thinking. Hazard taking is either fortunate or unfortunate relying upon how a gathering utilizes it.Each bunch has an alternate issue to tackle and various characters to work with which is the reason each gathering can utilize resources and liabilities decidedly and contrarily. All through the film, Juror Ten is fiercely preferential against any individual who originates from a ghetto. â€Å"You can't accept a word they say,† he proclaims †observe that Juror Ten doesn't state â€Å"he,† meaning the litigant, however â€Å"they,† the gathering of ghettos all in all. This demonstrates he can't make a reasonable judgment about individual guilt.Juror Nine, the senior man with aggregated beneficial experience, sees this and reprimands quickly saying â€Å"Since when is untrustworthiness a gathering trademark? † The bigotry of Juror Ten proceeds before at last emitting in a long discourse that drives different legal hearers to dismiss him. The message is certain that such unreasonable preference is inconsistent with equity. Legal hearer Four likewise gives indications of such partiality, however he love seats it in increasingly adequate words: â€Å"The kids who come out of ghetto foundations are potential dangers to society. At the point when an individual hears the word bias, the person may think it just alludes to the racial preference frequently found between those with fair complexion and those with brown complexion. Be that as it may, preference runs a lot further than an individual's shading. Partiality is found between sexual orientation, religion, social and land foundation, and race. Individuals have victimized others dependent on these traits from the earliest starting point of time. Partiality has become a perplexing issue in our general public; for instance, if somebody somehow happened to stroll in a separated zone around evening time and pass a gathering of senior residents, the individual will, probably, not feel threatened.However, if rather than senior residents, three youngsters wearing tore pants and shirts wearing metal chains around their necks passed the individual is bound to feel compromised. Partiality is the dismal truth of today’s society. Regardless of whether it’s from viewing t he neighborhood news or perusing the paper, numerous individuals base generalizations on the media or individual encounters. In spite of the fact that these are the most helpful approaches to pass judgment on somebody, they are additionally the most exceedingly terrible. At whatever point managing the media, occasions are sensationalized and gradually incorporate with the inner mind. The effects of partiality at that point impact our choices without us in any event, acknowledging it.

Para maka gawa lang Free Essays

It is a decent practice to have a decent cleanliness. In spite of the fact that focuses would for the most part have upkeep, anticipation is still superior to fix. Working in a call place would for the most part influence the public activity of a specialist too because of the extraordinary difference in plan, and that may emerge to clashes in work and execution also. We will compose a custom exposition test on Para maka gawa lang or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Worldwide, in the past known as veldt Events Inc. The base camp of the organization is in Magmata City working in 30 areas. Their regions served are North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Right now this year, Sip Global has been held as the â€Å"Best Manager of the Year† in the International CIT Awards. Working in a call place has consistently had its disadvantages for as long as century, when BOP (Business Process Outsourcing) was being provided food by business firms from different nations. Furthermore, here in the Philippines, we for the most part experience specialists from the west nations because of the distinctions in â€Å"Labor Cost† contrasted with their nation. That is the reason individuals from SIP Global would have a feeling of chance since they are working locally however for an organization that is outside of the nation. Excursions for work are some of the time given by customers to the administrative group of the LOB or Line of Business. In any call place organization, SIP Global had some toll portion of experience with regards to work the executives since the organization has run for more than 34 years running. Also, we can take note of that there are fundamental issues that Sip Global experiences. Some regular issues inside a call place industry would be Agent Absenteeism which straightforwardly is influenced by work plans that are once in a while constrained by the administration that is in opposition to the agent’s loving. Another would be Staff Attrition. Since of course, specialists realize that there are a ton of get focuses out there, they would locate the one that suits to them. One factor is the calendar which the specialist likes, on the off chance that it is for a day timetable or going to work around evening time move for the Hazard/Night differential compensation. These 2 remarkable propensities for a standard specialist are legitimately influenced by work plan, in this way would consistently result on a similar completion. This examination will decide the impacts of work routine to the work execution and wellbeing states of a call place specialist or operator at SIP Global. In particular, it will in general react to the accompanying inquiries: 1. What is the segment profile of the respondents as far as: 1. 1 Age 1. 2 Gender 1. 3 Marital status 1. Instruction 2. The worries that you experience because of your calendar: 2. 1 Social life 2. 2 Family 2. 3 school 2. 4 Curricular exercises OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The investigation has the accompanying destinations to accomplish the proposal entitled â€Å"The impacts of work routine to the work execution and wellbeing states of a call place laborer or specialist at SIP Global† to discover how work routines influence a representative in SIP Global. These are the accompanying destinations that the specialists might want to accomplish: To decide the segment profile of the respondents as far as age, sex, conjugal status and instructive foundation To decide the impacts of work routine to the work execution and wellbeing conditions that may influence public activity, family, school and other curricular exercises. To figure out what different options can the specialists do to stay away from the impacts on their wellbeing and work execution with a troublesome timetable. Customarily, non-attendance has been seen as a marker of poor individual execution, just as a penetrate of a verifiable agreement among worker and manager; it was viewed as an administration issue, and surrounded in financial or semi monetary terms. Weakening †are decrease in the quantity of workers or members that happens hen individuals leave since they leave, resign, and so on , and are not supplanted. Work Cost †is a piece of compensation bill or finance that can be explicitly and reliably allocated to or related with the assembling of an item, a specific work request, or arrangement of a help. Firms †are commonly connected with business associations that specialize in legal matters, however the term can be utilized for a wide assortment or business activity units. Propensity †is a daily practice of conduct that is rehashed consistently and will in general happen unknowingly. †Business process redistributing is a subset of re-appropriating that includes he contracting of the tasks and obligations of explicit business capacities (or procedures) to an outsider specialist organization. Hurl †Line of Business is a general term which frequently alludes to a lot of at least one exceptionally related items which administration a specific client exchange or business need. Presentation This segment of the examination introduced different reviews, articles, studies, reports and related written works, both outside and neighborhood about social safeguarding and different issues and concerns brought by specialists nearby and global. Outside Literature According to Kennedy (201 1), profitability is the productive making of merchandise and enterprises. Efficiency is a result of different elements; it tends to be the working environment, for example, lightning, ventilation and sanitation. On the off chance that they are not good, they decreased efficiency. Representatives are the most significant gainful assets of the association. In the event that they are prepared and treated appropriately, they are equipped for accomplishing top execution. Therefore, dynamic business ventures develop constantly their representatives through instruction and preparing, whatever money related necessities their workers have, they get their organizations associate. Capron’ (201 1), expressed that every single individual must arrangement with the progression of time. Various societies underline an alternate methods for comprehension and overseeing time, including whether time is seen as a rare asset to be spared and spent carefully or a progression of minutes to enjoy; regardless of whether individuals ought to deal with their time by doing each thing in turn or numerous things without a moment's delay; whether the individuals should concentrate fundamentally on the past, present, or future. These suspicions have suggestions for everyday time the executives and coordination, just as for vital arranging. As per Heaven et al. (2010) work might be upsetting when we feel that we do tot have sufficient opportunity to finish the work. We may wish to locate a superior method to deal with our time. This could incorporate various things, for example, proportioning assignments and creating plans to accomplish objectives. As gave by Levity et al. (2010) overseeing time adequately is one of the keys to turn into a proficient specialist. Follow these time the executives tips to build your profitability: be on schedule; decide your needs plan your work around them; use time the board instruments; build up your great time the executives propensities; keep your work territory efficient; anticipate that that changing should your new position take some time Instructions to refer to Para maka gawa lang, Papers

When Do You Take the MCAT

If you are planning on applying to medical school Summer 2017 or 2018, it’s time to make some decisions about when you will take the MCAT, if you have not already done so. Since the exam carries so much weight, identifying and following through with a strategy that will work for you can help you become a more competitive applicant. There are several factors to consider in making a decision about when to take the exam: IDEAL: Take the exam when you have time to focus only on studying for it. Start by taking a practice exam to determine exactly how much time you will need to prepare for it. The lower the score, the more time required to prepare. Use the data to guide your decision about how much time you will need to prepare. Keep in mind that you will need less time to prepare if you are able to focus all of your time and energy on it. LESS THAN IDEAL:  Submitting your application before you have received your MCAT score can be risky. If you are uncertain about applying Summer 2017, it’s far better to take the exam when you are ready and to know your score before you submit your medical school application. You really only have three chances to apply before your application becomes taboo. By the fourth time you apply, less attention is given to it. To get accepted, apply after you have earned a competitive score. NOT RECOMMENDED: Preparing for the MCAT while taking a full course load and applying can jeopardize your MCAT score, your GPA and the quality of the application you submit. Given the time commitment required to complete all three of these tasks, it’s not advisable to attempt them all at the same time. I have seen students try year after year, only to become frustrated with the results. Protect your test score, GPA and the quality of your application by developing a timeline that does not have you working on all three tasks at the same time. Create a timeline that allows you to work sequentially – a realistic timeline that will work for you based on your responsibilities and time commitments. Given the new exam dates, I recommend taking the exam no later than June, if you are applying Summer 2017. Taking the MCAT any later may hold your application up, if the schools are waiting on your test score. However, if you are applying Summer 2018, you are welcome to take the exam anytime next summer to receive your score early. If you must take the exam in June or July of the summer that you are applying, use your practice test scores to guide you regarding when to take the exam and submit your application. If you use each practice test to identify areas of weakness that need more study and you see improvement with each subsequent test score, then you can plan on submitting your application before you receive the final score—only if you are a confident test taker and see consistent improvement. If you have a history of test anxiety or little to no experience with standardized testing, I don’t recommend taking a chance by submitting your application before knowing your score. Ultimately, your score should guide your decision about which schools you’ll apply to. Slow and steady wins the race. While you may feel eager and anxious to get the process started, take a practice exam. Use the scores to help you decide how much time you will need to prepare. Once you have determined the time required, choose a date that fits your timeline. Throughout your preparation, take regular practice tests to help guide your study but also to identify whether you can stick to your original timeline or if you need to change your test date. For more guidance, you are welcome to contact me or one of my colleagues to create a personalized strategy that will work for you. I wish you success! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4f95940b-33ea-46f2-ac5a-b94716840189', {}); Alicia McNease Nimonkar is an Accepted advisor and editor specializing in healthcare admissions. Prior to joining Accepted, Alicia worked for five years as Student Advisor at UC Davis’ postbac program where she both evaluated applications and advised students applying successfully to med school and related programs.  Want Alicia to help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  A Cure for MCAT Anxiety and Lots More MCAT Advice †¢Ã‚  Tips For Applicants With A Low MCAT Score †¢Ã‚  Can You Submit Your AMCAS Application BEFORE Taking the MCAT? When Do You Take the MCAT If you are planning on applying to medical school Summer 2017 or 2018, it’s time to make some decisions about when you will take the MCAT, if you have not already done so. Since the exam carries so much weight, identifying and following through with a strategy that will work for you can help you become a more competitive applicant. There are several factors to consider in making a decision about when to take the exam: IDEAL: Take the exam when you have time to focus only on studying for it. Start by taking a practice exam to determine exactly how much time you will need to prepare for it. The lower the score, the more time required to prepare. Use the data to guide your decision about how much time you will need to prepare. Keep in mind that you will need less time to prepare if you are able to focus all of your time and energy on it. LESS THAN IDEAL:  Submitting your application before you have received your MCAT score can be risky. If you are uncertain about applying Summer 2017, it’s far better to take the exam when you are ready and to know your score before you submit your medical school application. You really only have three chances to apply before your application becomes taboo. By the fourth time you apply, less attention is given to it. To get accepted, apply after you have earned a competitive score. NOT RECOMMENDED: Preparing for the MCAT while taking a full course load and applying can jeopardize your MCAT score, your GPA and the quality of the application you submit. Given the time commitment required to complete all three of these tasks, it’s not advisable to attempt them all at the same time. I have seen students try year after year, only to become frustrated with the results. Protect your test score, GPA and the quality of your application by developing a timeline that does not have you working on all three tasks at the same time. Create a timeline that allows you to work sequentially – a realistic timeline that will work for you based on your responsibilities and time commitments. Given the new exam dates, I recommend taking the exam no later than June, if you are applying Summer 2017. Taking the MCAT any later may hold your application up, if the schools are waiting on your test score. However, if you are applying Summer 2018, you are welcome to take the exam anytime next summer to receive your score early. If you must take the exam in June or July of the summer that you are applying, use your practice test scores to guide you regarding when to take the exam and submit your application. If you use each practice test to identify areas of weakness that need more study and you see improvement with each subsequent test score, then you can plan on submitting your application before you receive the final score—only if you are a confident test taker and see consistent improvement. If you have a history of test anxiety or little to no experience with standardized testing, I don’t recommend taking a chance by submitting your application before knowing your score. Ultimately, your score should guide your decision about which schools you’ll apply to. Slow and steady wins the race. While you may feel eager and anxious to get the process started, take a practice exam. Use the scores to help you decide how much time you will need to prepare. Once you have determined the time required, choose a date that fits your timeline. Throughout your preparation, take regular practice tests to help guide your study but also to identify whether you can stick to your original timeline or if you need to change your test date. For more guidance, you are welcome to contact me or one of my colleagues to create a personalized strategy that will work for you. I wish you success! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4f95940b-33ea-46f2-ac5a-b94716840189', {}); Alicia McNease Nimonkar is an Accepted advisor and editor specializing in healthcare admissions. Prior to joining Accepted, Alicia worked for five years as Student Advisor at UC Davis’ postbac program where she both evaluated applications and advised students applying successfully to med school and related programs.  Want Alicia to help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  A Cure for MCAT Anxiety and Lots More MCAT Advice †¢Ã‚  Tips For Applicants With A Low MCAT Score †¢Ã‚  Can You Submit Your AMCAS Application BEFORE Taking the MCAT?

Eating Disorders A Young Woman Sits At The Table

A young woman sits at the table, her untouched food unnoticed by her peers. Besides, what is the significance of one or two skipped meals? Another young woman slips away after dinner and shuts the bathroom door. The hiss of the running shower drowns out the sounds of her purging. Is something an issue if it goes unseen? There are some who would brush these questions aside. However, negative eating attitudes and behaviors have escalated into widespread suffering of eating disorders. In fact, the National Institute for Mental Health reported that 25% of all college students are victims of either anorexia nervosa or bulimia. Anorexia nervosa, commonly referred to as â€Å"Ana†, is an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction or complete avoidance of food. On the other hand bulimia, nicknamed â€Å"Mia†, is distinguished by binging and purging. These disorders are far from insignificant, because they are much more than a few skipped meals and unseen purges. Eat ing disorders, which have become a deadly epidemic, are fed by unrealistic social expectations, are encouraged by firmly rooted pro â€Å"Ana† and â€Å"Mia† communities, and are often found coinciding with other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, both of which are common among college students. Society is a finicky critic. Around every corner there is an advertisement or magazine cover offering a basis for beauty. This beauty is skinny. It is flawless skin, slender thighs, and flat stomachs. Most of all it isShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Face of Eating Disorders1599 Words   |  7 Pageswith toys. As Katie found her way to the empty seat after checking in with the receptionist at the office window, she swiped a brochure off of the coffee table that was located in the center of the room. As Katie began to take a seat, she opened the brochure’s cover and was alarmed when this beauty’s image gawked at her. 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Gi Jane Essay - 1135 Words

The film G.I. Jane takes place in the 1990s and shows discrimination of a women in the United States Navy. Lieutenant Jordan O Neal played by Demi Moore, is a naval intelligence officer who has ambitions of moving beyond her military desk job, to become a member of the Navy Seal. Thanks to the political maneuvering of a female senator, O Neal becomes the first female candidate for the Navy Seals. The Seals are the militarys elite Special Forces team. O Neal becomes the guinea pig of senator Lillian DeHaven in this film. DeHaven bullies the Navy into taking ONeal as a Seal recruit in order to become the first female member of the Navy Seal. ONeal is put through a series of tests and her main obstacle is Master Chief John†¦show more content†¦But non of her advesiariers counted on ONeal singular strength. Even when she becomes fodder for compromising politicians who betray her, she refuses to surrender. Jordan ONeal is a Navy Veteran who resents not being allowed int o combat during the Gulf War. Now there is a move under way for full female equality in the fighting forces. One quarter of U.S. Navy jobs are still off limits to women still today. On April 28, 1993 Secretary of Defense Les Aspin announced a policy to open up nurse specialists and assignments to women in the armed forces. The policy means that women will no longer be excluded from military specialists simpily because the jobs are dangerous. It opened up combat aircraft to women. It instructed the Navy to open additional ships to women. In November Congress signed legislation repealing the law barring women from serving on combat ships. In the film Senator Dehaven was pushing the military to accept females in all possibiile military positions. In contemporary society, women are already now accepted into combat situations and previously all-male military academies. Of the nearly 260,000 combat and combat support positions opened to women in 1994 more than half were in the N avy. Still, the Navy has the highest percentage of non-restricted jobs afterShow MoreRelated Gi Jane Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages The film G.I. Jane takes place in the 1990’s and shows discrimination of a women in the United States Navy. Lieutenant Jordan O’ Neal played by Demi Moore, is a naval intelligence officer who has ambitions of moving beyond her military desk job, to become a member of the Navy Seal. Thanks to the political maneuvering of a female senator, O’ Neal becomes the first female candidate for the Navy Seals. The Seal’s are the military’s elite Special Forces team. O’ Neal becomes the guinea pig of senatorRead More Personal Narrative - I Am GI Jane Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesI Am GI Jane â€Å"Go! Go! Go!† yelled Drill Sergeant Saunders. I must have fallen asleep for a few seconds because I did not hear him give the order to start crawling. 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Should There Be A Law Against Paparazzi Essay Example For Students

Should There Be A Law Against Paparazzi? Essay How about creating a law against the use of telephoto lens and parabolic listening devices? How about creating a new crimeOne that will penalize those persisting and persuading photographers, the Paparazzi also known to celebrities as stalkarazzi who follow the rich and famous for the thousand dollars snapshot that reveals some special, intimate moment or an embarrassing one. Should there be a law rebuking such act? Should there be strict laws preventing press photographers (paparazzi) from pursuing persons who do not want to be photograph?I believe theres a symbolic relationship that exists between celebrities and photographer; they need each other to create the aura that feeds them both. And the general public needs that aura to feed its dream and fantasies. Without the paparazzi and the tabloids that sell better than an item greatly reduced in its sale price, the famous wouldnt be famous. The glitter would fade away into gray mist like a fog. The famous gave up a large measure of privacy for the brighter, larger world of glitter. Its living globally, everyone knows where you are and when and also every gritty little detail of your personal lifestyle. Privacy is not part of language. Photographers do have the right to follow public figures, newsmakers, and celebrities in order to snap their photos. A line should be drawn as to peering over a wall or chasing a limo to get a picture of a celebrity. But if someone (like Princess Diana) is doing something on a front lawn and theres no wall or security, thats a different. A law or Bill against paparazzi is unnecessary because there are already laws against trespassing, against stalking, against reckless driving ( as in pursuit of a celebrity) and against harassment. These laws are available to everyone, not just celebrities. Furthermore, by creating a bill or law against paparazzi, its not attempt to save the rich and famous. The famous still want the attention and limelight, but only when they are stepping down of their $100, 000 limo, dressed to sparkle like their jewelry and teeth. Understandably, they want fame that can be turned on and off like a switch, on their terms, when its convenient. Hence another reason why a law against paparazzi would be unwise. Celebrities themselves frequently have proved both creative and effective in dealing with the media they consider overly intrusive. For example, Actor George Clooney led a boycott of tabloid TV shows for what he considered intrusive and unfair coverage. As a result of the boycott, the shows changed their rules about what would be accepted and air. In conclusion, my answer to the question Should there be laws against photographers from pursing persons who do not want to be photograph has clearly been stated, which is No. Creating laws against paparazzi wont stop the paparazzi from following celebrities. Theyll just find sneakier, more dangerous means to get their photos. Since there are laws already on the books to handle abusive behavior by celebrity hunting photographers, the creation of a federal crime is unnecessary and unwarranted.

The artist and the city Essay Example For Students

The artist and the city Essay As Athol Fugard approached his 60th Birthday Celebration, an October-November festival of his works in Atlanta, Ga., he had a last-minute twinge of misgiving. Girding himself for the revealing readings from his published Notebooks, adapted by Theater Emory, the prodigious South African playwright cracked to one of his hosts, I feel as though you should carry me onto the stage in an open casket. As it turned out, no one was more alive to the words than their author. Listening, with head lowered and eyes closed, to the 1960s entries about his dying father (the unseen, pain-wracked figure that haunts his diaries, as well as the plays Hello and Goodbye and Master Haroldand the Boys), Fugard wept. When the lights came up, he mingled for a while with the audience, remembering names with the kindly care most famous artists can only manage for wealthy backers. The reading and reception set the tone for an often joyous and occasionally confrontational encounter between the artist and the city: five productions at three theatres, as well as an array of debate-sparking forums during his three-week resi dency. Fugard was hardly the Great Author on a Delta Stopover collecting a life-achievement award; he came as a working artist, and needed every ounce of energy enhanced by his daily five-mile jogs (whose pace frustrated a rollerblade-mounted cameraman from CBS Sunday Morning) around Piedmont Park. We call the festival a partynot a retrospectivefor good reasons, said Theater Emory artistic director Vincent Murphy. We celebrate a man whos as engaged today, artistically and politically, as hes ever been. Indeed, when Fugard wasnt acting as assistant director (a title he relished) to Del Hamilton on his stirring 7 Stages production of My Children! My Africa!, he was directing brush-up rehearsals of the American premiere of his Playland, a co-production of Californias La Jolla Playhouse and Atlantas Alliance Theatre Company. An intense, exorcistic encounter between a black night watchman and a white ex-soldier in a deserted amusement park on New Years Eve, 1989, Playland is unquestionably Fugards most overtly theatrical work since Master Harold more than a decade ago. (The playwright joked that the whimsical-garish-brooding carnival set by Susan Hilferty, and the masterfully coordinated lighting and sound designs by Dennis Parichy and David Budries, will shock a lot of my critics in terms of production values.) And as his first major utterance since the release of Nelson Mandela, Playland may be Fugards most politically provocative play since the height of his anti-apartheid writings. As my country moves forward, said the playwright in his precise, lilting tenor, no amount of political blueprinting or committees can cross the real hurdles in the hearts and minds of men. That is: forgiveness. Coming to grips with the violence in our past, having the courage to say, Yes, I did thisplease forgive me. De Klerk keeps saying apartheid was misguidedthats not good enough, man! To hell with misguided it was evil! Fugards voice has risen so that it is shaking with rage as he spits out the last word. We must acknowledge that evil, as Germany did with the Holocaust. Otherwise, well have as our first inheritance only lies and hate and bitterness. The New South Africa will be a hollow phrase. Fugard chose to continue Playlands premiere in the spiritual hub of the Civil Rights Movement, immediately after the La Jolla run, out of a sense of poetic justice. In the welcoming words of Michael Lomax, a leading Atlanta politician and creator of the National Black Arts Festival; Mr. Fugard, we have a kinship with you. The playwright has corresponded for years with Atlanta friends, among them Nancy Kearns, a former 7 Stages dramaturg who wrote to him in South Africa from out of the blue; and actor-director Brenda Bynum, a Fugard specialist who met and befriended him at the 1987 Spoleto Festival USA production of his The Road to Mecca. The womens letters stoked his fascination with Atlantas civil rights history and its place as Mecca for the black professional class. Even to this day, it seems to me Atlanta is a touchstone, asserted Fugard, whose bristly beard and weathered face recall the tough-nut merchant seaman he was in his youth. Perhaps the essential American drama is being played out here certainly the greatest experiment. It was at a Theatre Communications Group conference in 1990 that Fugard met Alliance artistic director Kenny Leona 36-year-old black man whose past performances in Fugard plays are part of Atlanta lore. They became instant friends and vowed to collaborate. Wagging his finger as they parted, Leon said, Remember, we have an appointmentmischievously using the playwrights favorite word for his personal destinies. Fugard has sensed he had an appointment to write a play about forgiveness and South Africa since the late 70s. I was in New York, and I found myself in a bar late at night I was still drinking at this pointand I saw this man who seemedto have a cloud over him. Just staring at his shot glass. I sat down near him, and he looked up and said, Im not a killerIm not a killer. It became clear that I was talking to a Vietnam vet, and that something terrible I couldnt grasp the detailshad happened in Nam. Playland may have begun at that moment. The haunted vet became Gideon Le Roux, the bedraggled ex-soldier wandering into the carnival at nightfall, who fought the black SWAPO forces on the Namibian frontier. The image that torments him is one that Fugard came upon in a newspaper. There were two white soldiers standing in a truck full of black bodies, which they were dumping into a pit. Each of them had an arm as they had dragged this dead young man to the edge of the truck, and I thought, My God its like two Roman Centurions taking an African Christ-figure down from the Cross.' By making Gideon one of those centurions, Fugard created a character so wracked with guilt that he drunkenly, desperately seeks out a black man to beg for redemption. By a strange fluke, it turns out to be a night watchman, Martinus Zoeloe, who also bears the invisible scar of Number 6 (as in the 6th Commandment: Thou Shalt Not Kill) on his head. His compassion is tested to the extreme when the viciously taunting Gideon demands, Kill me or forgive me. Leon, whose two-and-a-half-year tenure has been marked by some white flight among subscribers in spite of a balanced, eclectic repertoire, saw that Playland had a message that Atlanta needs to heara message that doesnt make whites feel guilty or make blacks angry. As the director received freshly written pages of the play over the transatlantic fax last spring, America was reeling from the beatings of Rodney King and Reginald Denny; Atlantas street disturbances were among the worst in the country, second only to Los Angeles. It was uncanny to me, Fugard avows, his eyes wide with amazement, that my play was going straight into the two areas of the country where the pain had been the worst. I couldnt imagine how it would be received. One of those who took part in peaceful demonstrations in Atlanta in spite of classmates involvement in the near-riotswas Saul Williams, a 20-year-old student at prestigious Morehouse College. In his acclaimed professional acting debut in My Children! My Africa!, he was on the far shore of the debate, playing an enraged student who defies his teachers courageous plea for peace. I met Mr. Fugard with mixed emotions. I didnt know if such a play could be written by a white man. But I spoke to black South Africans who knew much of his work, and I was very impressed with the man himself. It was obvious the story came from the goodness of his soul. As much as the playwright appreciated newfound friends such as Williams, he was also profoundly affected by the angrier black students he addressed on local campuses and in the Alliance audience following preview performances. These exchanges, startlingly blunt even to the veteran of the apartheid wars, helped him clarify some of my own thinking about the situation in South Africa. Fugard quoted from his own Atlanta diary in an essay commissioned by the Atlanta Journal and Constitution: A black South African female student in her early 20s. She stared at me unflinchingly out of what I sensed was a deep well of smouldering resentment. I hesitate to use the word hate but it might well have been as strong as that. When she eventually spoke, the question was for Kenny, sitting next to me. How can you be his friend after what his people did to the black people of South Africa? Kenny spoke quietly. I will never forget his words. He is not a friend. He is my brother. If I do not forgive him, there is no hope for us in this world. Theater Emorys shrewdly selected repertoire of early, lesser-known Fugard worksHello and Goodbye (1965), Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (1972) and the two-part readings of the adapted Notebooks: 1960-77opened a window of personal history through which to appreciate the most recent plays. For instance, the troubled anti-hero of Hello, Johnnie Smits, is spiritually shackled to and (in a transformation prefiguring Sam Shepard) ultimately becomes his crippled father. Johnnie was described by Fugard as that very timid side of me, always at war with the brave devil in me. Notebooks contained the germinal idea of nearly every Fugard play. Foreshadowing Statements, based on the true case of a black principal and white librarian who were prosecuted under apartheid law for their secret love affair, the playwright recorded the eerily beautiful sight of two cobras first mating almost upright on a garden wallthen hacked to bits by the gardeners spades: Six seconds in which me n destroy something only God can make. Directed by Bynum with an intimate, Beckettian spareness that brought its streaks of poetry into sharp relief, Statements was the festivals surprising gem. Its principals, Rob Cleveland and mary Lynn Owen, had just celebrated their first wedding anniversary. There had never been a way for us to express all the difficult things about our relationship, the uncomfortable vibrations we get from both whites and blacks, said Owen. Suddenly we had a place for all of that feeling to pour out, to come into focus. The actresss sense of vulnerability was only heightened by the knowledge that the creator of her character would be sitting only a few feet away. But Fugard put her fears to rest by approaching her at a pot-luck dinner that 7 Stages threw for the playwright and Atlantas theatre community. Mr. Fugard said to me, Youll find Im a wonderful audience. I eat up everything you give me.' .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .postImageUrl , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:hover , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:visited , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:active { border:0!important; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:active , .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4 .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf181d8ccd02ab2a43ac68b49e2ccdde4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: McTeague Persuasive Essay We will write a custom essay on The artist and the city specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One the amusement park setting of Playland:Â   I came across an old entry from my notebooks about such a parkan icon of my youth! As hard-up as our family was, my mum always scraped together a few pennies so that we could have a few rides. That was my Christmas and my New Years. It was exclusively for whites in those days, but with a few matinees set aside for other races.Years later, I was driving through Karroo and I saw this sad little amusement park, encamped on the outskirts of a little town. It struck me what a visual setting it would be for a play, and what a metaphora place where people could go to play and to forget the harsh realities of their lives. On turning 60 and the New South Africa:Â   Just when there was the temptation to start thinking, Okay, its the home stretch now, my country throws the biggest drama of my entire life |the release of Nelson Mandela~ right in my face, and says, No, man! Wait a minute! Youve got another guess coming: weve only just started!The past was simple: I was ready to stand and be counted as a dissident voice. The future will be infinitely more complexrich, and provocative. There was some disturbing talk recently of cultural commissars and the correct thing for artists to sayit sounded a little like the old South Africa but from a different perspective. So I expect Ill go on as before, the outsider. On writing, and a sense of place:Â   When I sit down and face what I still lovingly call the Inquisition of Blank Paper, I feel I must be in South Africa, so thats why I spend half the year there. That country gives me my stories, for I understand its codes of life down to my bones. I have a house in the Karroo, outside of a little village with only 10 or 12 permanent residents. I become a bachelor when I writethank God Sheila |his wife of over 30 years~ understands this. Im self-sufficient there, with my windmill and my orchards, in my island of serenity and silence. Playland was mostly written there. On spirituality and his themes:Â   As I looked over what I had written in Playland, I was amazed to find more religious imageryor let me say instead, spiritual concernsthan I had been aware of. This was certainly a departure for meBut as Gideon tells Martinus, Gods forgotten usits just you and me tonight. Thats the essential theme in all my writing. Its what we do to each other, and with each other, one-on-one, on thefaceofthisearth! Thats the arena. Thats our damnation, man, or our salvation.

The Many Meanings of Bitte in German

The Many Meanings of Bitte in German Bitte is used a lot in German. The many meanings of bitte include: PleaseYoure welcomeHere you go (when handing something over)May I help you?Pardon? The challenge is determining what the speaker or writer means when using the word:  It all depends on the context, tone, and other words expressed along with bitte.   Saying Pardon Me? You can use  bitte  when you are trying to politely express that you did not understand or hear something the speaker has just said, as in Pardon me? The following brief dialog shows how to express that sentiment in a courteous manner. Ich bin heute einkaufen gegangen. I went shopping today.Wie Bitte?   Pardon me?Ich habe gesagt, dass ich heute einkaufen gegangen bin.   I said, I went shopping today. Expressing Here You Go and Please A  host  might  use bitte when handing something, such as a slice of pie, to a guest, as in:  Here you go. Or,  a customer and a waiter might both use  bitte  in the following exchange: Customer: Ein Stà ¼ck Apfelkuchen bitte. A piece of apple cake please.Waiter, serving the cake:  Bitte sehr.   Here you go.Customer: Danke.   Thank you. Note how in this exchange, the customer uses  bitte  to mean please, while the waiter uses the same German word to mean here you go. Saying Please and Yes Please Bitte  can also mean please in other contexts. For example, you can use this handy word to ask for help, as in this example: Kannst du mir bitte helfen?   Can you help me please? You can also use  bitte  to  mean please as a polite imperative, as in this brief exchange. Darf ich Ihnen den Mantel abnehmen?   May I take your coat?Bitte!   Yes, please! Asking May I Help You? You will often hear a waiter say  bitte, bitte sehr, or bitteschà ¶n?  (please and here you go) in a restaurant when delivering a dish. For instance, waiters will often use the word when they approach your table, as in: Bitte sehr! Here you go!Hier, bitteschà ¶n. Here you go. Note that  bitte  by itself still means youre welcome, but in this context, the word is used as a shortened version or  bitteschà ¶n or bitte  sehr.  This makes sense, because if the  waiter is carrying a hot plate and wants to set it down- but you are busy talking or drinking your coffee- he certainly would want to use as few words as possible to get your attention so youll free up some space and he can relieve himself of the scalding plate. Saying  Youre Welcome If someone thanks you for a present, she might say: Vielen Dank fà ¼r Ihren Geschenk!   Thank you very much for your present! You have several ways to say youre welcome, in addition to using the word bitte. You can express it formally, as in: Bitteschà ¶nBitte sehrGern geschehen   It was my pleasure.Mit Vergnà ¼gen   With pleasure. Or you can express yourself informally by saying: BitteGern geschehen   It was my pleasureGern  (shortened form of Gern geschehen) You are welcome.Nichts zu danken.  Ã‚  Dont mention it.

Earnings per share FASB project on convergence with the IFRS Essay

Earnings per share FASB project on convergence with the IFRS - Essay Example The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) avers to serve "the investing public through transparent information resulting from high-quality financial reporting standards" (FASB, Home Page)The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the FASB acknowledge that the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally, Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the primary objective of both boards. The FASB has taken up several 'projects' to address issues where differences have been found in reporting standards and have successfully concluded many; some are under current scrutiny. One of the current issues is the reporting of 'Earnings per Share' or EPS as it is popularly known.Different tools are available for making financial analysis of stocks and range from the very simple and elegant to the very complex and difficult to understand. The financial performance of the company, and therefore, its future prospects and stock performance, i s better understood through the calculation of some important ratios that assist us in a detailed appraisal. The EPS method looks at the financial performance of the company; focusing on the earnings recorded per ordinary share in a particular accounting period. This number provides a clear picture of the actual profitability of the company and is used to calculate the Price to Earnings (PE) ratio which represents the ratio of the market price of the share compared with EPS. Since the share price changes almost continually this latter ratio also keeps changing and needs to be calculated on real time basis at the time of making investment related decisions. This is the most important ratio used by the market generally to assess the relative rating of a share and the company's prospects and, of course, is the easiest to understand. It identifies the number of years' earnings needed to cover the current market price of the share. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of this project and its immediate and long term implications for the accounting fraternity as well as the users of accounting statements, viz. the management, shareholders and other stakeholders of the company as well as auditors, potential suitors (for takeover bids) and public. The Standards IAS are a set of financial reporting policies that typically require increased disclosure and restrict management's choices of measurement methods relative to the accounting standards of the local GAAP standards (Ashbaugh & Pincus, 2001). With regard to the Earnings per Share the FASB issued a statement (Statement No. 128: Earnings per Share) and the IASB its statement IAS-33. Both boards have been working together to resolve the differences in order to bring convergence in the two statements and plan to make their final recommendations open for public comment in the first quarter of 2008. This draft will be open comment for 120 days and will then be adopted, with modifications, if required through public opinion. This draft will represent the third such 'exposure draft' on the subject, the earlier ones required many changes based on public comment and had to be revised. The earlier drafts were based on the comments on the statement 128 in 2003 and the first exposure draft in 2005. The description of EPS i.e. The basic earnings divided by the average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period (IAS33-R.10) leads us to the immediate issues involved: a) How are the basic earnings to be calculated, and b) what is the number of shares the earnings must be divided by to arrive at the EPS. We examine how these are considered under the IFRS and GAAP to arrive at the differences between the current practices under the two regulations. Basic Earnings The concept is to arrive at the profit of the company that is attributable to the ordinary shareholders of the company and therefore the basic earnings must be calculated as net profit (or loss) less preference dividends

Conspiracy Theory Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting Research Paper - 1

Conspiracy Theory Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting - Research Paper Example The propagation and spreading of such stories are common and not surprising at all. For instance, it is usually seen that when one tragedy occurs it itself gives birth to many conspiracies like the 9/11, Waco, etc... but the unfortunate and the most distracting part is when the media starts to give such petty issues great coverage and significance which has not been to date done by any eminent politicians or commentators. Although the formal coverage that is ongoing to date has randomly sought to marginalize this attention seeking conspiracy-mongers, the problem arises when such false myths gain severe popularity. People start to believe them as undue publicity is done so as to increase their ratings. The first conspiracy was when a man who was near the school hiding in the bushes was caught as a shooter but soon after it was evaluated that he was a cop from the other town on a day off. Then a man who was running around was arrested later it was determined that it was Manfredonia loo king for his six-year-old daughter. Then there was this other conspiracy whether Lanza used a short gun or an assault rifle which could not be determined as both are quite similar to each other. Another conspiracy was whether Ryan Lanza the actual killer instead of Adam Lanza who was the killer. Ryan was suspected as the killer but then it was reported that he was at his place during the shooting and his brother as they did not live together was carrying his old identity card. Another conspiracy was about Rosen whose house is near the school and the kids who ran there took refuge there. The conspiracy lies why he informed the police late although the reason might be that he did not believe the children till he verified the news.

Evolution and religion Essay Example for Free

Evolution and religion Essay â€Å" Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind †, said Albert Einstein. This essay concentrates on evolution, religion, and creationism. In the first phase these are defined, and later their relationships and controversies are discussed. A conclusive statement is made a the end. Evolution The theory of evolution by natural selection was first put forth by Charles Darwin in his book, â€Å" on the origin of species†, in 1859. In 1930’s Darwinian natural selection was combined with Mendelian inheritance to form the modern evolutionary synthesis. With its enormous explanatory power, this theory provides a unifying answer to diversity of life on earth. Evolution is the change in a population’s inherited traits, from generation to generation. These traits are encoded as genes that are copied and passed on to offspring during reproduction. Mutations and other random changes in the genes can produce new or altered traits, resulting in difference between organisms. Evolution occurs when these different traits become more common or rare in a population. This happens through genetic drift and is based on the reproductive value of traits through natural selection. Under natural selection organisms with traits that help them to survive and reproduce tend to have more off springs. In doing so, they will pass more copies of inheritable beneficial traits on to the next generation. This leads to advantageous traits becoming more common in each generation, while disadvantageous traits become rarer. Over time, this process can result in varied adaptations to environmental conditions. As differences in populations accumulate, new species may evolve. All known species have descended from a single ancestral gene pool through this process of gradual divergence. According to theory of evolution, life on Earth started its journey over 3 billion years ago, when oxygenic photosynthesis emerged, which made development of aerobic cellular respiration possible around 2 billion years ago. In the last billion years, multi cellular plants and animals began to appear in oceans. The Cambrian explosion originated all major body plans of modern animals. About 450 million years ago ( mya) plants and fungi colonized the land, and were soon followed by anthropods and other animals. Amphibians first appeared around 300 mya, followed by reptiles and mammals around 200 mya, and birds around 100 mya. The human genus arose around 2 mya, while the earliest modern humans lived 200 thousand years ago. This theory states that all organisms on Earth have descended from a common ancestral gene pool. Evidence for this is inferred from traits shared between all living organisms. In Darwin’s days, this statement was based on visible observation of morphologic similarities. Today genetic science has proved this. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material and uses the same 20 amino acids as the building blocks of proteins. The universality of these traits suggest common ancestry. The roots of evolution theory were laid by Charles Darwin in 1858. He could not propose any working mechanism for inheritance. This was provided by Mendel in 1865, who proved that distinct traits were inherited in a well defined and predictable manner.( Evolution ) Religion A religion is a set of beliefs and practices generally held by human community involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals, and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, personal faith and mystic experience. It is also described as a communal system for the coherence of belief focusing on a system of thought, unseen being, person, or object, that is considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine or of the highest truth. Moral codes, values, practices, institutions, traditions, rituals and scriptures are often associated with the core belief. Religion is also described as a â€Å" way of life †. There are number of models in which religions come into being and develop. Broadly these models fall into three categories: 1) Those which see religion as social construction 2) Those which see religion as progressing towards higher, objective truth 3) Those which see particular religion as absolute truth Creationism Creationism is the belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the Universe were entirely created by a supernatural deity, God. His existence is presupposed. The term creationism is often used to describe the belief that creation occurred literally as described in the book ‘ Genesis’, for Christians and the Jews, and in ‘Qur’an’, for Muslims. In Christian context, many creationists adopt a literal interpretation of the Biblical narratives and say that Bible provides a factual account, given from the perspective of only one who was there to witness it at that time: God. Almost all churches teach that God created the Cosmos. Biblical creationism places knowledge of God central in pursuit of knowledge of anything, as everything comes from God. It says nothing about the mechanisms by which anything was created. No systematic or scientific inquiry was made into the validity of the text. Christian creationism id categorized into many types. These are : Young Earth creationism. This is inclusive of modern geocentrism, Omphalos hypothesis, and creation science. Old Earth creationism. This includes Gap creationism, Day-age creationism, and progressive creationism. Theistic creationism Neo-creationism, which includes intelligent design. While Christian and Islamic creationism are almost similar. Hindu creationism believes that all creatures including humans undergo repeated cycles of creation and destruction. The Hindu view of the cosmos is cyclic. ( Creationism ) Evolution and religion Religion is based on beliefs and science is based on proofs and evidences. The theory of evolution is backed by scientific proofs and is considered science beyond any doubt. The relationship between religion and science takes many forms as both are extremely broad. They employ different methods and address different questions. The scientific method adopts an objective approach to measure, calculate, and describe the natural, physical, material universe. Religious methods are more subjective, relying on notions about authority, intuition, belief in supernatural, individual experience and ‘reasoned’ observations about life or the universe, or a combination of all these. Science attempts to answer the ‘how’ and ‘ what’ of observable and verifiable phenomena, religion attempts to answer the ‘why’ question of values, morals, and spirituality. Both employ different methods to find answers to different questions. ( Relationship). A noteworthy dissimilarity between the two is that religion has been existing since ages, whereas science is too young. The earliest civilizations of human species have been worshipping a supernatural force, which was later named as ‘God ’ by Christianity and ‘ Allah’ by Islam. The two most popular religions of today’s world may be a few thousand years old only, but the concept of religion is as old as man himself. In opposition, the modern day science is hardly a few hundred years old. All the modern scientific theories and discoveries on which the world is thriving today, occurred after the renaissance era in Europe. There are two distinct views regarding relationship between religion and science. One known as ‘non-overlapping magisteria’, described by Stephen Jay Gould states that both deal with fundamentally separate aspects of human experience and so when each stays within its own domain, they can co-exist peacefully. The other view known as conflict thesis, which is not to the liking of historians but retains popular appeal, holds that science and religion inevitably compete for authority over the nature of reality. Here, religion has been gradually losing a war with science as scientific expressions become more powerful, acceptable and widespread. ( Relationship ) Evolution theory gives answers to various how life evolved and developed on this earth. Its domain is limited to explaining and proving the existence of a common genetic pool from which different species came into existence. On the other hand the combined domain of all the religions of this world is almost infinite. Answers to questions which science cannot answer are given by religion. The contents of theory of evolution are limited whereas that of all the religions combined are limitless. For example, evolution theory cannot give a satisfactory answer to the origins of universe or the starting point of life. It just assumes that there was a pool of genes from which all forms of life have descended. Religion explains that there exists a supernatural force, which is not seen by anyone and the existence of which can never be proved in a scientific way, which created the ‘ Big Bang’. Science assumes that this was the beginning of universe. Religion does have answers to questions which cannot be answered by any scientific theory. The theory of evolution has no clue about soul, which is globally accepted as a part of our body, while all religions of this world have clear answers to any question regarding soul. All scientific knowledge, if summed up, is like a small drop in an ocean of summed up knowledge offered by all religions on this world. If religion is based on assumptions, even science has assumptions at its base. Evolution is limited to various aspects of life on this planet. For any religion this is a very small chapter in a huge book. Religion not only touches the various aspects of how life developed, but numerous other topics also. As mentioned above, religion is a ‘ way of life’ and hence its perceptions are much broader than the evolution theory, touching the living and the non-living also. Conflicts between religion and evolution arise when religious fundamentalists refuse to accept the scientifically proved facts. This is true for Christian fundamentalists, especially in the United States. They are simply not ready to deviate from the Biblical teachings that God is the creator of all things and He runs the show. They tend to miss one important point that Darwin has never touched the debate on ‘why’ evolution occurred. He has simply found answers to ‘how’ it happened. The authority of God, or for that matter teaching of any religion is never questioned by the theory of evolution. As a matter of fact, there are ample proofs available which convince us that the scientific community also accepts and favors the theory of a super natural power. Writes Lovgren Stefan in his article in National Geographic news, â€Å" Some of history’s greatest scientific minds, including Albert Einstein, were convinced that there is intelligent life behind the universe. Today many scientists say that there is no conflict between their faith and their work†. He further writes, â€Å" the scientific evidence for evolution is overwhelming. Yet, in 2001 Gallup poll, 45% of USA adults said that they believe evolution has played no role in shaping humans. Darwin never said anything about God. Many scientists and theologians maintain that it would be perfectly logical to think that a divine being used evaluation as a method to create the world†. The article further argues , â€Å" there is no way to explain religious faith scientifically. It is hard to envision a test that can tell the difference between the universe created by God, and the one that appeared without God. But why did the universe exist at all ? This is a question which religion is particularly good at answering†. The same article has a report by Ted Sargent, a nano-technology expert at the University of Toronto. â€Å" Even as science progresses in its reductionist fashion moving towards deeper, simpler and more elegant understanding of particles and forces, there will still remain a ‘ why’, at the end. Why are the rules the way they are ? This is where people will find God †. Stefan comments, â€Å" To many scientists, this discoveries may not be that different from religious revelations. Scientific advancements may even draw scientists closer to religion†. ( Lovgren Stefan ) Conversely, religious fundamentalists should also accept the fats which are proven beyond any doubt. This establishes a harmony between religion and evolution. Evolution and creationism The conflict between the believers in evolution theory and creationism is more fierce than that of evolution and religion. This is especially true in the USA where it has become a political controversy. It is a dispute about the origins of Earth, humanity, life, and the universe. The level of support for the evolution theory is overwhelming in the scientific community and the academia, while support for creation based alternatives where evolution does not take place is minimal among secular scientists. Creationists argue that scientific theories are incomplete, incorrect, and inherently flawed due to the infinite regression nature of questions of origins. They argue that if science can provide answers to ‘ what caused the Big Bang ?’ or ‘ what was the nature of first life form ?’ it is likely that answers themselves will be subject to similar kinds of regressive inquiry. They firmly believe that science cannot provide answers to such questions and that their religious discourse is much more complete and more reliable than the naturalistic description provided by science. While creationists point at the limitations of scientific investigations, they intend to point towards the existence of creator God. Skeptics criticize this as ‘God of the gaps argument’. They say that religious argumentation is reduced to a place holder for gaps in human knowledge. One more argument presented is that evolution is a theory and not a fact. This is a result of misconception about the technical meaning of ‘theory’. In common usage, ‘theory’ means hypothesis and unproven assumptions. In science it means ‘ a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena†. Exploring this issue, Stephen Jay Gould wrote, â€Å" Evolution is a theory. It is also a fact, and facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing uncertainty. Facts are the world’s data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts. Facts do not go away when scientists debate rival theories to explain them. Einstein’s theory of gravitation replaced that of Newton’s but apples did not suspend themselves from mid –air. And humans evolved from ape-like ancestors whether they did so by Darwin’s proposed mechanism or by some other yet to be disclosed â€Å". Karl Propper gave a new dimension to the debate, by evolving the concept of ‘falsifiability’. He claimed that testable theories are scientific but those that are untestable are not. He declares, â€Å" I have come to a conclusion that Darwinism is not testable scientific theory but a metaphysical research program, a plausible framework for testable scientific theories†. Debate among some scientists and philosophers of science on the applicability of falsifiabilty have been offered by some scientists: Richard Dawkins and J.B.S. Haldane both pointed out that if fossil rabbits were found in the Precarribean era, a time before most similarly complex life forms had evolved â€Å" that would completely blow evolution out of water†. Creationists have criticized the scientific evidence used to support evolution as being based on faulty assumptions and unjustified jumping to conclusions. These include: the fossil fuel record which has significant gaps that cast doubt on evolution the emergence of new species which has not been observed directly radiometric dating which is inaccurate due to an inappropriate reliance on assumption of uniformitarianism While creationists claim that the problems they point out represent significant ‘holes’ in evolutionary theory. Supporters of evolutionary theory respond by arguing that these gaps of knowledge do not cast doubt on the framework the theory of evolution provides, asserting that they indicate either areas where research needs to be directed or there is misunderstanding on the part of creationists. As a matter of fact scientists and subject experts of evolution, do not spend much time on refuting the charges of creationists. Many do not respond at all. They do not think it is worth it. After all, when they reply, creationists get the publicity. ( creation-evolution controversy ) Pope Benedict XVI , in a book titled â€Å" creation and evolution†, published on 11 April 2007, states that â€Å" The question is not to either make a decision for a creationism that fundamentally excludes science, or for an evolutionary theory that covers over its own gaps and does not want to see the questions that reach beyond the methodological possibilities of natural science. I find it important to underline that theory of evolution implies questions that must be to philosophy and which themselves lead beyond the realms of science. It is also true that the theory of evolution is not a complete, scientifically proven theory†. He believes that experiment in a controlled environment h as limitations, as, â€Å" We cannot have 10,000 generations into the laboratory†. He also does not endorse creationism or intelligent design. He defends ‘ theistic evolution’, a reconciliation between science and religion, already held by Catholics. He writes on evolution, as a ‘ process itself is rational despite the mistakes and confusion as it goes through a narrow corridor, choosing a few mutations and using low probability. This inevitably leads to a question that goes beyond science- where did this rationality come from ? † to which he answers that it comes from the ‘creative reason’ of God. ( creationism – evolution controversy) Third alternative The conflict and controversy over evolution and creationism can be resolved if a third alternative is adopted. If biology had followed Pasteur’s paradigm, instead of Darwin’s, and if the theory of cosmic ancestry was prevailing today, then the mechanical theory of nature would account for the evolutionary progress and the origin of life on Earth. There would be no need for supernatural intervention. Cosmic ancestry is fundamentally different from both Darwinism and prevailing western religions. Both hold that life arises and evolves from simpler beginnings. Darwinism explains this with material causes, western religions with supernatural causes. In Cosmic Ancestry life neither arises nor evolves to more highly organized forms from simpler beginnings. With material causes life can descend from prior life at least as highly evolved as itself. Thus in Cosmic Ancestry, life only descends. The fact is that neither science nor religion seem interested in adopting Cosmic Ancestry as an alternative. ( Evolution versus creationism) Conclusion The theory of evolution proves how life originated and developed on this Earth. It has a scientific base in all its claims. It is a result of careful analysis of data. All over the world it has been accepted as a ‘truly scientific explanation’ on evolution of life. It does not have to do anything with any supernatural power. Religious fundamentalists, specially Christian, have evolved a movement called ‘creationism’, which asserts that the theory of evolution tends to wipe off the Biblical teachings and the faith they have in God. Till today, the highest priest of Christianity, the Pope, is busy trying to find ‘holes’ in the theory of evolution, when the whole world has accepted this theory before 150 years. The paradox is that evolution has never touched upon the aspects of God. In fact, scientists also believe in God and accept His existence. There is no legitimate base for ‘creationism’, and it reflects the sense of adamancy among the Christian fundamentalists. Theory of Cosmic Ancestry can be adopted as an option. Works- cited page 1. Evolution, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 14 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution 2. Creationism, wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 14 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism 3. Relationship, Relationship between Religion and science, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 12 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science 4. Lovgren Stefan, Evolution and religion can co-exist, scientists say, National Geographic News, 18 October 2004, Retrieved on 15 April 07, from: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1018_041018_science_religion.html 5. Creation-evolution controversy, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 13 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation-evolution_controversy 6. Evolution versus creationism, Retrieved on 16 April 07 from: http://www.panspermia.org/mechansm.ht m

cary :: essays research papers

BIO: ELIZABETH CARY (1585-1639)Elizabeth Cary held the honor of being known as the first Englishwoman to write an original drama. At the urging of writer John Davies, Cary published The Tragedy of Mariam in 1613. Cary was also the first Englishwoman to write a tragedy and the first to write a history play, The History of the Life, Reign and Death of Edward II (ca. 1627). Cary's other works include various religious hymns, poems and translations from the languages of French, Spanish, Latin and Hebrew. Elizabeth Cary was the sole child born to Sir Laurence and Lady Elizabeth Tanfield of Burford Priory, Oxford in 1585. Her natural inclination for learning showed itself in early childhood despite her strict mother's attempts to thwart Elizabeth's intellectual development by reportedly forbidding her to read at night (to which Elizabeth began bribing servants for candles). In 1602 at age 17, Elizabeth was contracted to marry Sir Henry Cary so that the Tanfields would have aristocratic connections and the Cary's, an heiress. The couple lived apart for the first several years of their marriage while Henry fought in the Protestant wars against Spain and where he was captured in 1605 and imprisoned. At the demand of her mother-in-law Dame Katherine (Lady Paget), Elizabeth moved in with her husband's family in 1603. Here, Elizabeth endured cruelties similar to those imposed by her mother as Lady Paget forbade Elizabeth to read and locked her in her room. It is believed that Elizabeth began writing during this period as a substitute for reading. Elizabeth had also participated in the literary circle of the countess of Pembroke and became acquainted with Senecan drama. Using the model of Roman tragedy, Elizabeth wrote and completed The Tragedy of Mariam between 1602-1604. It was also during this period that Elizabeth began to entertain an attraction to Catholicism to which her husband was radically opposed and a soldier against. This religious conflict did not seem to threaten the marriage in its early years, as upon her husband's return from war in 1609, the couple had their first of eleven children. Henry Cary was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1622, moving the couple to Dublin where their marriage suffered terrific stress due to religious differences and Henry's persecution of Irish Catholics. Irreconcilable, the couple separated and Elizabeth returned to England in 1625. In 1626, Elizabeth professed her Catholicism and, when rumor reached the king, she was confined to her room for six weeks.